![]() The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together, according to base pairing rules (A with T and C with G), with hydrogen bonds to make double-stranded DNA. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds (known as the phosphodiester linkage) between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases ( cytosine, guanine, adenine or thymine ), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates ( polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. ![]() The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( / d iː ˈ ɒ k s ɪ ˌ r aɪ b oʊ nj uː ˌ k l iː ɪ k, - ˌ k l eɪ-/ ( listen) DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. ![]()
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